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            <note type="commentary">Enquête sur les personnes qui ont désobéi (leur personnalité, leur vote politique, leur consommation de TV...)  dans la retranscription  de l'expérience de Milgram sur un plateau de télévision (émission TV "le jeu de la mort" diffusée sur France 2 en mars 2010)</note>
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            <note type="archivesic_reference">Arendt, H. (1977). Eichmann in Jerusalem.A report on the banality of evil. Harmondsworth: Penguin.Beauvois, J. L., Courbet, D., &amp; Oberlé, D. (2012). The prescriptive power of the television host: A transposition of Milgram’s obedience paradigm to the context of TV game show. European Review of Applied Psychology, 62(4), 111–119.Benjamin, L. T., &amp; Simpson, J. A. (2009). The power of the situation: The impact of Milgram’s obedience studies on personality and social psychology. American Psychologist, 64, 12–19.Bergeman, C. S., Chipuer, H. M., Plomin, R., Pedersen, N. L., McClern, G. E., Nesselroade, J. R., et al. (1993). Genetic and environmental effects on openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness: An adoption/twin study. Journal of Personality, 61, 159–179.Berkowitz, L. (1999). Evil is more than banal: Situationism and the concept of evil. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3, 246–253.Blass, T. (1991). Understanding behavior in the Milgram obedience experiment: The role of personality, situations, and their interactions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 398–413.Blass, T. (2000). The Milgram paradigm after 35 years: Some things we now know about obedience to authority. In T. Blass (Ed.), Obedience to authority: Current perspectives on the Milgram paradigm. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Bocchiaro, P., Zimbardo, P. G., &amp; Van Lange, P. A. M. (2012). To defy or not to defy: An experimental study of the dynamics of disobedience and whistle-blowing. Social Influence, 7, 35–50.Bogg, T., &amp; Brent, R. (2013). The case for conscientiousness: Evidence and implications for a personality trait marker of health and longevity. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 45, 278–288.Burger, J. M. (2009). Replicating Milgram: Would people still obey today? American Psychologist, 64, 1–11.Burger, J. M., Girgis, Z. M., &amp; Manning, C. C. (2011). In their own words: Explaining obedience to authority through an examination of participants’ comments. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2, 460–466. Burley, P. M., &amp; McGuiness, J. (1977). Effects of social intelligence on the Milgram paradigm. Psychological Reports, 40, 767–770.Caprara, G. V., Alessandri, G., &amp; Eisenberg, N. (2012). Prosociality: The contribution of traits, values, and self-efficacy beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 1289–1303.Caspi, A., &amp; Moffit, T. E. (1993). When do individual differences matter? A paradoxical theory of personality coherence. Psychological Inquiry, 4, 247–271. Cesarani, D. (2007). Becoming Eichmann: Rethinking the life, crimes and trial of a “desk murderer.” Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press.Cheetham, M., Pedroni, A. F., Antley, A., Slater, M., &amp; Jänke, L. (2009). Virtual Milgram: Empathic concern or personal distress? Evidence from functional MRI and dispositional measures. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 3, 29.Cooper, W. H., &amp; Withey, M. J. (2009). The strong situation hypothesis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 13, 62–72.Costa, P. T., Jr., &amp; McCrae, R. R. (1989). The NEO-PII/NEO-FFl manual supplement. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.Courbet, D. (dir.) (2010), Objectiver l’Humain ? Volume 2 : Communication et expérimentation, Paris, Editions Hermes Lavoisier </note>
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              <p>This study investigates how obedience in a Milgram-like experiment is predicted by interindividual differences. Participants were 35 males and 31 females aged 26–54 from the general population who were contacted by phone 8 months after their participation in a study transposing Milgram's obedience paradigm to the context of a fake television game show. Interviews were presented as opinion polls with no stated ties to the earlier experiment. Personality was assessed by the Big Five Mini-Markers questionnaire (Saucier, 1994). Political orientation and social activism were also measured. Results confirmed hypotheses that Conscientiousness and Agreeableness would be associated with willingness to administer higher-intensity electric shocks to a victim. Political orientation and social activism were also related to obedience. Our results provide empirical evidence suggesting that individual differences in personality and political variables matter in the explanation of obedience to authority. Stanley Milgram carried out the " Eichmann experiment " to determine whether Nazi war criminals such as Adolf Eichmann, whose trial had begun a couple of months earlier in Jerusalem, could have committed the heinous acts of the Holocaust merely because of a misplaced obedience to authority (Milgram, 1974). The German philosopher Hanna Arendt, a reporter during the trial of Eichmann, coined the phrase " the banality of evil " to describe him, seeing behind the architect of the Holocaust a thoroughly normal person. Going further, Arendt also mentioned that Eichmann's attitude toward his family and friends was " not only normal but most desirable " (Arendt, 1977, p. 25). Whatever the accuracy and truth of such an analysis (see Cesarani, 2007, for an alternative view of Eichmann), the issue of individual dispositions related to obedience was also included in Milgram's thinking as he wrote, " I am certain that there is a complex personality basis to obedience and disobedience , but I know we have not found it " (Milgram, 1974, p. 205). Somewhat paradoxically, the social psychologist consensually credited for having accelerated the shift away from internal explanations of behavior toward environmental and situational factors considered personality as a relevant source of variation in obedient behavior (Benjamin &amp; Simpson, 2009). In the present study, we shed a new light on how personality factors predicted obedience and rebellion in a Milgram-like study recently carried out in the context of a television game show (Beauvois, Courbet, &amp; Oberlé, 2012). We hypothesized</p>
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