Document supply and open
access: an international survey on grey literature
Chérifa
Boukacem-Zeghmouri
Joachim Schöpfel
Keywords
Grey literature, scientific and technical
information, document supply, open archive initiative (OAI), institutional repositories
Abstract
Purpose: This article investigates the impact of the
open archive initiative on the document supply of grey literature.
Approach: The article is based
on a comparative survey of five major institutions: The British Library (UK),
the CISTI (
Findings: All major document
suppliers are more or less deeply involved in the open archive movement, and
this involvement has an obvious impact on the policy of acquisition, archiving
and supply of grey literature (dissertations, reports, conferences etc.).
Originality: Even if the impact of increased
access to digital resources on document supply is relatively well documented,
little is known about the specific effect on grey literature, especially in the
OA environment. This study provides some evidence concerning this effect.
Paper
type: research
Introduction
One characteristic of grey literature is that
it is “often difficult to (…) acquire through normal bookselling channels”
(British Library) [1] because it lies “outside of commercial circuits of
publication and dissemination” (AFNOR) [2]. For those professionals and
scientists who wish to gain more information, the search for and acquisition of
this kind of “underground literature” can be a time consuming, sometimes
expensive and even a frustrating experience, see for example (Hartley 2004) for
conference proceedings.
Because of the importance of grey resources for
scientific research and teaching, all major public document suppliers invest in
collections and delivery services for theses, conference proceedings, reports
and unpublished working papers. Some of them offer additional help for the
identification and location of these often poorly recorded documents.
These special collections and their
bibliographic controls are costly and “grey supply” is often more expensive
than the traditional supply of items from “white”, commercial publications.
Today, libraries and document supply services
are confronted with the open archive initiative (OAI) movement and have had to
adapt to it. The following paper gives an overview of the grey holdings and
delivery services of five major document suppliers, and it describes their
reactions and projects in the OAI environment.
Some remarks on Open Access and grey literature
.
The origins of the short history of open access
(OA) are known: free peer-reviewed journals like Harnad’s Psycholoquy or Guédon’s Surfaces
and preprint repositories such as Ginsparg’s ArXiv or Harnad’s CogPrints
have started to challenge the traditional model of scientific communication.
These and other initiatives were the scientists’ and academics’ reaction to the
pricing policy implemented by the publishers of journals and reflected their
intention to re-appropriate the channel of the communication of and to improve
the dissemination of research results with the help of the new information and
communication technologies (see Crawford et al., 1996). The general impact on
intellectual property and the “value chain” has been well documented by (
We won’t add another review to the rather
abundant literature on the theory, history, structure and software of the open
access movement. The reader will find comprehensive introductions to the
European and more specifically to the French initiatives on the Southampton [3],
URFIST Paris [4], CNRS [5] or Max-Planck [6] websites or through textbooks such
as (Grüttemeier and Mahon, 2002) and,
for the French readers, (Aubry and Janik,
2005).
Yet, the relationship between OA and grey
literature is just in its first stages, see for example (Sondergaard et al.,
2003), (Banks, 2004) or (Stock and Schöpfel, 2005). Do the “green” or “gold”
roads (Guédon, 2004) transform white into grey documents because they leave
traditional commercial control and dissemination channels? Or, on the contrary,
do open archives promote the shift from grey to white documents by increasing
their availability and access? It is obvious that the boundary between white
and grey is shifting, and that we need more empirical evidence on grey
literature and open access systems in order to update our understanding of what
is grey.
Compared to article repositories, open archives
for grey literature are more recent and less numerous. One of the first, most
important initiatives (if not the first) was the 1996 creation of the Networked Digital Library of Theses and
Dissertations (NDLTD) by Virginia Tech. Other totally or partly grey
realisations are the French-Canadian Cyberthèses
for electronic theses and dissertations (ETD), developed by the Montreal and
Lyon 2 universities, Grisemine from
the University Lille 1 (Claerebout, 2004), Archimer
from the French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea (IFREMER), the
French national portal in mathematics Mathdoc
(preprints, course material, proceedings and ETD together with commercial
resources and archives) and the open archives of the CNRS Centre of Direct
Scientific Communication at Lyon (CCSD), like ArchiveSIC and MemSIC
(publications, dissertations and working papers in information and
communication sciences) or TEL (for ETD, see Paillassard et al., 2005).
In spite of their great variety, all these
archives and repositories have in common the increased value awarded to grey
resources and the improvement of their availability and dissemination.
Nevertheless, the majority of them are small scale projects compared to the
existing print holdings of grey literature. Up to now, reports, proceedings and
other non-traditional types of grey literature (educational materials, working
papers etc.) have been rather under represented, compared to dissertations and
preprints (Banks, 2006).
But what exactly is the impact of the OA
movement on the former suppliers of theses, reports and proceedings? How are
they reacting in response to the development of institutional repositories; how
are they involved especially in the domain of grey literature? There is very
little evidence on this topic but for the North American context and the
role of the physics preprints archive, ArXiv.org, see (Jackson, 2004), so we decided to undertake an
empirical study based on information available on the Web or published
elsewhere and on interviews with the leading managers of the cited
institutions.
Questions and methodology
The main questions concerned the existing
holdings of grey resources, supply conditions and pricing, involvement in
digital and in more specific OA projects, and on approaches and attitudes
towards the OA movement. Five major institutions were selected for this study:
The British
Library (BL) [7]
The Canadian
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information (CISTI) [8]
The French Institut de l’Information Scientifique et Technique (INIST) [9]
The Korean
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information (KISTI) [10]
The German National Library of Science and Technology of the
These “traditional suppliers” have in common a
public mission to collect, preserve, archive and disseminate scientific
information through a non-profit
First, we gathered information about
collections and supply conditions – services, prices, activity reports etc. –
from web sites or from other sources. Based on this information, we contacted
the leading supply managers of the five institutions and proposed a
semi-directive, oral or written survey on the following topics:
Data synthesis and interpretation were communicated
to the institutions for comments and validation. Our underlying hypotheses are:
In the following, we first of all present the
results of the survey (case studies) and then, in the conclusion, test the
underlying hypotheses.
The
British Library
The British Library is the world’s largest
supplier of scientific information (Brindley, 2005). Its grey holdings – mainly
dissertations, reports and conference proceedings – comprise about 4.9 million
items from a wide variety of sources (
Grey document supply and
Comparison with the overall supply: This represents 5% of the total
items supplied that year (2003).
Evolution: Since 1998/1999 the British Library has experienced
a significant decrease in the number of requests. Even if the exact number of
requests is no longer published in the annual reports, the decline can be
estimated at 10% per year. Although much of their grey literature holdings have
been produced in “user unfriendly” formats (e.g. microform) or on paper, they
are able to supply this material electronically to their customers using their
Secure Electronic Delivery (SED) system. This means that grey literature can be
converted into a format that users require, i.e. a secure PDF, delivered
directly to the desktop.
Projects in the area of grey literature and OA
projects: The
British Library contributes to OA projects mainly through the Research Support
Libraries Programme (RSLP), which indicates improved relationships with the
The impact on the collection of grey
literature: Over
the years the British Library, through the BLDSC has made considerable efforts
to identify producers of material, develop collections and holdings and, more
importantly, develop mechanisms in order to make the material accessible
through remote supply. For example most
British reports are listed on the BL OPAC to enable the easy search for and
organisation of this important research resource. The decrease in revenue from
document supply does not affect its acquisition policy “which (is) seen as part
of the public good” (Brown, 2003). The fundamental role of information
collecting and preserving has been validated and reinforced by the report
“Redefining the Library: The British Library’s strategy 2005-2008” [14] that
places the end user at the heart of its overall considerations. Their central
credo is to “enrich the user’s experience”; their main objective: the creation
of a digital library. In this new environment, document supply is no longer a
“stand alone business” or “separate entity” but “one part of an integrated range
of information services” (Brindley, 2005).
The impact on document supply: The British Library is working in a
consortium of six institutions, called the UK Web Archiving Consortium [15], which
is looking at the practicalities of archiving websites and content based on a
selective permissions based approach. The British Library is also developing a
digital preservation system in order to ensure the long- term preservation of
and access to electronically published material.
The impact on the bibliographic control of grey
literature: Whilst
the British Library aims to make its grey literature collections visible to
users, like many other libraries they too are “guilty” of not cataloguing all
the material. This is especially true of
their
The impact on the information system: No
information.
Acknowledgments
to Samantha Tillett for providing data and information on document supply and
open access to grey literature.
CISTI
CISTI has a long history
going back to 1929 (Krym and VanBuskirk, 2001). As one of the largest
collections in North America, its mission is “To advance research and innovation through high-value information
and publishing services in science, technology, and medicine ” [16] CISTI has become,
over the years, the major provider of scientific information in Canada, making
up about 36% of the Canadian market in the year 2000.
Apart from scientific
periodicals (50,000+ titles), the CISTI collection includes monographs,
conference proceedings and technical reports [17].
Grey document supply in 2004: In 2004 the Canadian supplier
received 62,054 requests for grey literature shared between requests for conferences
proceedings (59,500 requests, 96%) and those for technical reports, including
those written by CNRC researchers (2,554 requests, 4%).
Comparison of these figures to the overall
supply: Requests
for grey literature in 2004 account for 9 % of the total number of requests
registered at CISTI.
Evolution: Since 2002, CISTI
has reported a decrease in the overall volume of document supply requests for
traditional journal articles, which is linked to the impact of the “big deals”,
the availability of free resources on the Web, and open (free) journals and
archives. This decrease in traditional document supply, considered to be a long
lasting reality, is one of the factors that were taken into consideration in
the development of CISTI’s strategic plan for 2005-2010 [18]. The figures
provided make it possible to see that the portion of grey literature demand is
growing. The number of requests has increased from 7% of the total demand for
2003 to 9% in 2004. Moreover, this evolution was confirmed in 2005 with close
to 10% of the total recorded number of requests being for grey literature.
Their projects in the area of grey literature and OA: There are currently no
active projects in the areas of grey literature. However, one proposed grey literature project
would result in the creation of a full text database of materials published by
the various Institutes of the National Research Council Canada. Other projects
related to grey literature could be considered within the framework of the
Strategic plan for 2005 – 2010 [19] which includes the establishment of
“collaborative agreements, partnerships, systems and practices required to
carry out all stages of providing STM information online”. This
integrated, partnership-based approach to STM information will result in a
Canadian science "infostructure" and a viable national STM publishing
infrastructure. The competitive advantages offered by this investment will lead
to better research and a more innovative economy” [20]
In the area of Open
Access, CISTI’s Research Press makes online version of its 15 peer-reviewed
journals available to the Canadian scientific community for free through the
Canadian Depository Services Program (DSP) and through the CISTI web site. The
“depository services program” (DSP) is designed “to ensure that Canadians have
ready and equal access to federal government information”, made possible by
funding from the Treasury Board of Canada (VanBuskirk and Krym, 2003).
CISTI’s overall position
seems rather prudent – based on a realistic knowledge of the information
requirements of its customers, CISTI acknowledges that the number of supply
requests may continue to decrease but that this is mainly linked to the online
access of electronic periodicals and not to the development of institutional
repositories or other open archives.
The impact on the collection of grey
literature: The
availability of grey literature on the Web does not seem to have affected CISTI
activities. On the contrary, an intensification of their work in conjunction
with other institutions has been announced, particularly at the American level,
with traditional partners such as OCLC, or more specifically with the ICSTI
(International Council for Scientific and Technical Information) [21]. They are
engaged in work with European partners as well, such as INIST, with which
agreements for the diffusion of documents have been established.
The impact on document
supply: Similar
factors as described in the paragraph above.
The impact on the bibliographic control of grey
literature: For the
moment, technical reports proposed for supply do not have subject headings,
moreover the cataloguing which has been done is incomplete, including that
provided for their collection of microfiche. However keyword
searching makes them readily accessible Thus, in order to improve
bibliographical control, the Canadian supplier is focusing on the completion of
work in these specific areas, particularly the indexing of reports. A significant factor, however, affecting the demand for
technical reports may be that these materials are not well covered by standard
abstracting and indexing services.
The impact on the information system: The principal repercussions
perceived by the Canadian supplier relate to the question of the validation of
the documents proposed within the framework of a service supplying grey
literature. The credibility of the proposed services is dependent on the
quality of the documents. This question of the validation of documents and thus
of credibility is what is mostly at stake and poses the central problem, but
how can it be defined? In the end, the main difficulty lies in discerning the
difference in quality between documents that have not passed the traditional
validation process.
Acknowledgments
to Marsha Kaisermann for providing data and information on document supply and
open access to grey literature.
INIST
Founded in 1988, the Institute for Scientific
and Technical Information is a service unit of the French National Centre for
Scientific Research (CNRS). Its mission is to collect, analyse and disseminate
the results and findings of worldwide research in STM, social sciences and
humanities. The supply of copies of scientific and technical documents is part
of its traditional activities, whether or not the documents are held at the
INIST (Schöpfel, 2003).
The legal background to this service is based
on the French law on intellectual property as well as on an agreement with the
French copyright agency (CFC).
The INIST grey collections are rather
significant: 70,000 conference proceedings, 150,000 dissertations and theses
and 70,000 scientific and technical reports. As the national centre of the
European EAGLE network, INIST is a central part in the French landscape of the
collection and dissemination of grey public research documents.
Grey document supply in 2004: INIST received 15,623 requests for
grey items (87% conference proceedings, 7% dissertations, 6% reports). Only a
small part (14%) was delivered from INIST’s own holdings, the rest was supplied
through the INIST back-up network. The satisfaction rate was 92%. All items
were delivered as print copies or through ARIEL with no supply of returnables.
40% of the grey items were requested by corporate (for-profit) customers.
Comparison with the overall supply: The supply of grey literature
represented only 3% of the overall activity.
Evolution: The general evolution of INIST supply activity
is well documented (see Schöpfel, 2003, Boukacem et al., to be published).
Since 2001, the downward trend is about 10% per year. With a decrease of 35%
between 2001 and 2005, the figures for grey literature supply match the general
evolution (37%). Nevertheless, the decline of the major types of grey
literature is disparate, being more significant for dissertations (44%) and
conference proceedings (35%) than for reports (21%).
Projects in the area of grey literature: INIST currently has five major
projects in the area of grey literature. Two are meant to improve the
bibliographic control and visibility of its grey holdings: the cataloguing of
14,000 recent French STM dissertations and the digitisation and indexing of
40,000 CNRS reports published principally between 1970 and 1990. The third
project is to integrate the Proquest-UMI database of mostly American
dissertations in the service offering of INIST, in order to improve access to
these documents and to increase their use in
OA projects: CNRS and INIST have been particularly active in
several ways in the European and French OA movement (Romary, 2005), (Schöpfel,
2005), (Grüttemeier, 2006). Some of these activities include:
Three OA projects are directly related to grey
literature:
Another project is only at the first stage: the
development of a specific search engine for European grey resources (databases,
catalogues, open archives). Today, it is uncertain in which way this project could
be made reality (Schöpfel, 2006).
The impact on the collection of grey
literature: Document
supply and resource acquisition are not directly linked. INIST’s purpose is to
supply all requested documents, whether they are part of its collections or
not. In 2005, more than 20% of the items supplied were from other (French and
foreign) libraries, and this percentage is steadily increasing. At the heart of
the supply service is the identification and location of the requested items.
As a result, the INIST supply service could become more and more independent of
its own collections that would be “replaced” by remote resources (online
resources, holdings from other libraries). The number of collected grey
documents is steadily decreasing annually.
The impact on document supply: INIST offers print and electronic
delivery (ARIEL); secure electronic delivery with digital rights management is
under preparation. From 2004 INIST has been experimenting with the supply of
URLs of freely accessible online resources. In reaction to its customers’
needs, INIST is in the process of setting up a partnership with Proquest-UMI
and is developing more open access to grey resources (theses, reports).
The impact on the bibliographic control of grey
literature: The
overall tendency is characterised by four aspects: the increased outsourcing of
record production, the cataloguing of up to now “invisible” collections
(dissertations, reports), the creation of metadata (reports, conferences) and
metadata harvesting (theses). Compared with the past with its comprehensive
UNIMARC records, this tendency will generate increased visibility but also a
decrease in the bibliographic control of grey literature. At the same time,
INIST is involved in the standardization of metadata (
The impact on the information system: There is a significant shift from a
highly integrated system to a more open architecture, based on the cohabitation
of a traditional library system and workflow and OA software. The backbone of
this emerging information system is a large XML data repository with nearly 20m
records from different origins and sources, with a specific format for
interoperability (DTD “Exodic”) combined with an online search engine for
bibliographic and metadata.
Acknowledgments
to Hélène Prost for providing statistical data on the document supply of grey
literature.
KISTI
The South Korean science
and technology information centre, a non-profit affiliated organization of the
Korean Research Council of Public Science and Technology under the control of
the Prime Minister’s Office (Choi, 2003), provides a nationwide information
service to support industrial and technological development in
The KISTI collection
contains a wide variety of resources, journals, monographs, R&D reports,
conference proceedings, patent specifications etc. KISTI has developed a
Scientific Information Integrated System (SIIS), a portal system that gives
access to databases and online resources. [26] Grey literature is part of these
digital information resources: access is provided to research and development
reports (200,000 items), master and doctoral dissertations (700,000 items),
Korean patents (2,100,000 items) and foreign patents (14,000,000 items), the
science and technology factual database (1,400,000 items) and scientific
materials and instruments (22,000 items) (Choi, 2003).
Document supply: The document supply
service supplied more than 300,000 items in 2001, from the KISTI holdings or
from other libraries (11%), especially foreign document service bodies such as
the British Library (Shin and Oh, 2002). There are no figures concerning grey
documents or the evolution in their supply.
OA and GL projects: The OAI is discussed in
Impact on collection,
supply, bibliographic control or system: No information.
TIB Hannover
As one of the most important libraries in Germany since its
foundation in 1959, the German National Library of Science and Technology of
the University of Hannover (TIB) defines its task as the following: “to
comprehensively acquire and archive literature from around the world pertaining
to engineering and the natural sciences… Holdings (…) are available (…) through
our document delivery service”. [27] The library “places a particular emphasis”
on the acquisition of grey literature. The TIB holdings comprise around 8.2
million items (print, microforms, CD-ROMs), a figure that includes conference
proceedings, research reports, patents, standards and dissertations.
Grey document supply in 2005: The TIB received about 133,000
orders for grey literature, of which 90% were for scientific and technical
reports from its own holdings.
Comparison with the overall supply: The supply of grey documents
represented 27% of the overall activity (492,000 requests in 2005). About 90%
of all items were supplied in a digital format (e-mail, FTP).
Evolution: The overall document supply increased
significantly between 2001 and 2005 (+ 15%). While the supply of returnables
decreased (-8%), the delivery of print or digital copies increased considerably
(+23%).
OA and GL projects: The TIB participates in
a large number of projects, with a key focus on electronic publications and the
development of a digital library. Some current projects are on grey literature
and/or open access: [28]
The TIB is deeply involved in the development
and content acquisition of the German VASCODA portal for scientific information
[30] , based on the co-operation of 33
German institutions.
The impact on the collection of grey
literature: The TIB
tries to collect all significant publications in its scientific domains
(sciences and technology), at least those published in the most important
languages. This objective also applies to grey literature. As these documents
are more and more often only available in a digital format, the TIB tries to
get authorization from the copyright-owners to download these files on a local
server and, if possible, to archive a print copy. For all the projects funded
by the Federal Ministry of Research, the TIB is the deposit library of the
(digital) project reports, and these reports are freely available online
through the service TIBORDER.
The impact on document supply: The main impact on traditional
document supply (mail, fax, e-mail, FTP) does not come from OA but from the
evolution of the legal environment (new German law on intellectual property).
In 2006 the TIB will implement a Digital Rights Management (DRM) system
(FileOpen software).
The impact on the bibliographic control of grey
literature: No
special impact has been noted resulting from OA developments. The TIB continues
to import metadata from online databases into the TIB portal and to link them
to the full-text versions (GetInfo-project with FIZ Chemie, FIZ Technik and FIZ
Karlsruhe). Additionally, the TIB acquires bibliographic data from the British
Library (Inside Serials and Conferences) and imports other metadata through
specific co-operations, as for example with the CERN or the Fraunhofer
institutes.
The impact on the information system: The TIB maintains its ILS system
(PICA) for “traditional” library activity but is developing, together with the
FIZ Technik, a completely new IT system that will be able to archive, index and
provide online access to several million full-text documents, including
Customer Relationship Management (CRM) software functionalities. In 2007, the
TIB will launch a new user interface with the “Lucene” search engine technology.
Acknowledgments
to Uwe Rosemann for providing data and information on the document supply and
open access to grey literature.
Concluding remarks
The
following conclusions are based on an analysis of web-based and published
information, amended and completed by the feedback on our survey on document
supply and OA projects. They are presented along with the six underlying
hypotheses.
(1) The part of grey literature in overall
document supply activity is rather small. All
libraries place special emphasis on grey literature and have important grey
collections, especially of conference proceedings, technical reports and
dissertations. Nevertheless, the relative part of grey document supply differs
between these suppliers:
Institution |
% of grey supply |
Main
type of document |
INIST |
3% |
Conferences |
British
Library |
5% |
n.d. |
CISTI |
10% |
Conferences |
TIB |
27% |
Reports |
KISTI |
n.d. |
n.d. |
Table
1: % of grey document supply, compared to overall activity
We can distinguish two groups, INIST and the
British Library with a grey document supply up to 5%, and the CISTI and TIB
Hannover with a more important part (>10%). According to these figures, our
underlying hypothesis has to be amended.
(2) The “grey supply” follows the general
trends of the overall supply. The reported data seem to validate our assumption, even if the trend is
different between INIST (downward trend) and CISTI and TIB where grey supply
tends to increase. This tendency marks the growing importance
of grey literature in the document landscape and of its visibility to users. In
fact, this report is closely akin to the remarks made by (Banks, 2005).
(3) Due to their public mission, all
institutions are strongly interested and more and more involved in open access
projects. The given
information validates our hypothesis. All the same, the specific involvement
depends on the integration in the (national) information market and
institutional environment (higher education, research communities) but also in
financial and human resources.
(4) One part of these OA projects is related to
traditional grey literature. The analysis confirms our assumption. However, each institution
presents specific characteristics:
Institution |
Theses |
Conferences |
Reports |
Others |
INIST |
|
OA |
OA |
OpenSIGLE,
NR for CNRS publications |
British
Library |
NR |
|
OA |
National heritage, non-traditional items |
CISTI |
|
|
|
NR for
CNRC publications |
TIB |
|
|
NR |
Primary
data, courseware, non-textual material |
KISTI |
NR |
|
|
|
Table
2: OA projects (NR: national repository, OA: open archive)
Two comments maybe made: Up to now, little
attention seems to be paid to open access and conference proceedings.
Additionally, open archives or repositories of non-traditional items (primary
data etc.) are only now beginning to gain some importance.
(5) This increased involvement has or will have
various effects on the way they function and their activities, especially on
the development of collections and supply services. Following our information, it seems
too early to validate or invalidate this assumption. Up to now, one can observe
only little impact of OA on the traditional activities. This may change in the
future.
(6) This involvement may also impact
bibliographic control and the information system. Same conclusion. Few changes were noted in the
information systems on which the supply of grey literature is based, or in the
bibliographic control. We can’t validate this hypothesis up to now.
The
answers collected show the very great diversity between the situations of
document suppliers vis-à-vis a topical issue which directly concerns them. The
nuances which one can note, regarding their lines of thought or their projects
nevertheless display a commitment to a more comprehensive policy of access to
scientific information. Access to grey literature in an electronic context has
greater economic potential than in the traditional paper era. We can thus put
forward the idea that the commitment of the document suppliers in the domain of
OA to the dissemination of grey literature is a strategic means of establishing
their position in the broader scientific and technical information market.
Perhaps
an update of this survey in one or two years could provide more evidence on the
relationship between the OA movement, document supply and grey literature. It
would be interesting, too, to compare our data with those from other
institutions, networks and commercial suppliers in order to gain deeper insight
in the moving information market.
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This
article is a revised and augmented version of our communication “Access and Document Supply: A
Comparative Study of Grey Literature” presented at GL7 Seventh International
Conference on Grey Literature: Open Access to Grey Resources.
Acknowledgments
to Naomi R. Hull for a careful review of the English version.
The authors
Chérifa
Boukacem-Zeghmouri is Lecturer at the Department of Information and Communication Sciences
at the
Joachim Schöpfel is Head of the E-publishing and
Document Supply Department at INIST-CNRS and Lecturer on Scientific Information
at the